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coursepedia.com: Blog http://www.coursepedia.com/index.php/blog Blog Description en-us 3 lessons from how schools responded to the 1918 pandemic worth heeding today http://www.coursepedia.com/index.php/blog/blogdetail/bid/12460 21-Jun-2020 <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Much like what has<span> </span><a style="color: rgb(56, 56, 56); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">happened in 2020</a>, most U.S. schools closed during the<span> </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.28.6.w1066" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">1918 influenza pandemic</a>. Their doors were shut for up to four months,<span> </span><a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/10/13/113306166.html?pageNumber=18" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">with some exceptions</a>, to<span> </span><a href="https://www.doi.org/doi:10.1001/jama.298.6.644" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">curb the spread of the disease</a>.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">As a professor who<span> </span><a href="https://www.bu.edu/amnesp/profile/mary-battenfeld/" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">teaches and writes about children's history</a>, I have studied how schools responded to the 1918 influenza pandemic. Though wary of painting the past with the present's favorite colors, I see three main lessons today's educators and policymakers can draw from how schools and communities responded to the last century's pandemic.</p> <h2 style="color:#434343;margin:0 0 0 0;padding:0 0 0 0;" style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 23px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-rendering: optimizelegibility; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1. Invest in school nurses</h2><br class="spacer" /> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862335/" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">School nurses were transformative</a><span> </span>when they were first<span> </span><a href="https://www.workingnurse.com/articles/lina-rogers-the-first-school-nurse" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">introduced in 1902</a>.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Rather than simply send sick students home, where they would miss school while receiving no treatment, nurses cared for children's illnesses and<span> </span><a href="https://www.lillianwald.com/?page_id=846" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">provided health information to their families</a>.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">After a study showed that<span> </span><a href="https://www.doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol22No03Man03" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">nurses cut student absences in half</a>, more and more cities funded them. Within 11 years of the first nurse being hired,<span> </span><a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/504874" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">nearly 500 U.S. cities employed school-based medical professionals</a>.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">In 1919, nurse S.M. Connor, while apologizing for not doing more &ldquo;owing to the handicap of the influenza epidemic,&rdquo; submitted a report to the Neenah, Wisconsin school board of her work. Connor made 1,216 home visits, took children to doctors and delivered community health talks, in addition to conducting<span> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/10.1108/HER-01-2016-0001" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">school-based examinations and follow-up</a>.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">In November 1918, New York City Health Commissioner Royal Copeland underscored the role of school nurses. Being under &ldquo;the constant observation of qualified persons&rdquo; gave students &ldquo;a degree of safety that would not have been possible otherwise&rdquo; and &ldquo;gave us the opportunity to educate both the children and their parents to the demands of health,&rdquo; he said in a report titled &ldquo;<a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/11/17/98275182.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&amp;ip=0" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Epidemic Lessons Against Next Time</a>.&rdquo;</p> <h2 style="color:#434343;margin:0 0 0 0;padding:0 0 0 0;" style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 23px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-rendering: optimizelegibility; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">2. Partner with other authorities</h2><br class="spacer" /> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">In a version of the African proverb &ldquo;<a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/07/30/487925796/it-takes-a-village-to-determine-the-origins-of-an-african-proverb" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">It takes a village to raise a child</a>,&rdquo; a study of<span> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/10.1377/hlthaff.28.6.w1066" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">schools in 43 cities during the 1918 pandemic</a><span> </span>identified &ldquo;planning that brings public health, education officials, and political leaders together&rdquo; as key to successful responses.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">In Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Rochester, New York, school and health officials combined forces with organizations representing immigrant communities. In Los Angeles, the mayor, health commissioner, police chief and school superintendent collaborated to monitor infection rates, provide teachers additional training, and create and deliver homework for<span> </span><a href="https://www.influenzaarchive.org/cities/city-losangeles.html#" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">90,000 schoolchildren</a>.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Such cooperation also helped schools as they reopened.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">In St. Louis, while schools were closed, police cars became ambulances, and teachers worked in health agencies. Students returned to school November 14, but by the month's end the city saw a new influenza surge, leading to another school closure.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Political, health and education leaders designed a gradual reopening that saw high schools open first, followed a month later,<span> </span><a href="https://www.influenzaarchive.org/cities/city-stlouis.html#" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">once cases in younger children had dropped, by elementary schools</a>. Thanks to these<span> </span><a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/03/how-cities-flattened-curve-1918-spanish-flu-pandemic-coronavirus/" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">collaborative efforts</a>, St. Louis had 358 deaths per 100,000 people,<span> </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3158768/" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">among the best outcomes in the country</a>.</p> <div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{&quot;tweetId&quot;:&quot;1271006427381932032&quot;}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> <div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"> <div data-twitter-event-id="0" class="SandboxRoot env-bp-350" style="display: block; max-height: 10000px; direction: ltr; text-align: left; background: 0px 0px; font: 16px / 1.4 Helvetica, Roboto, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(28, 32, 34); white-space: initial; position: relative;"> <div class="EmbeddedTweet EmbeddedTweet--cta js-clickToOpenTarget" data-click-to-open-target="https://twitter.com/jinzi94400885/status/1271006427381932032" data-iframe-title="Twitter Tweet" data-scribe="page:tweet" id="twitter-widget-0" data-twitter-event-id="1" style="overflow: hidden; cursor: pointer; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(225, 232, 237); border-radius: 5px; max-width: 550px;" lang="en"> <div class="EmbeddedTweet-tweetContainer"> <div class="EmbeddedTweet-tweet" style="padding: 20px 20px 10px;"><blockquote class="Tweet h-entry js-tweetIdInfo subject expanded" cite="https://twitter.com/jinzi94400885/status/1271006427381932032" data-tweet-id="1271006427381932032" data-scribe="section:subject" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; border: none;"> <div class="Tweet-header" style="display: flex;"><a class="TweetAuthor-avatar Identity-avatar u-linkBlend" data-scribe="element:user_link" href="https://twitter.com/jinzi94400885" aria-label="Confucius Classroom @ Westerford High School (screen name: jinzi94400885)" style="background-color: transparent; color: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; -webkit-box-flex: 0; flex: 0 0 auto; height: 36px; margin-right: 9px; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit;"><img class="Avatar" data-scribe="element:avatar" data-src-2x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1264451016898031616/HVXAUCZ2_bigger.jpg" alt="" data-src-1x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1264451016898031616/HVXAUCZ2_normal.jpg" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1264451016898031616/HVXAUCZ2_normal.jpg" style="border: 0px; 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align-items: center; min-width: 0px;"><span class="TweetAuthor-name Identity-name customisable-highlight" title="Confucius Classroom @ Westerford High School" data-scribe="element:name" style="font-weight: 700; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 4px;">Confucius Classroom @ Westerford High School</span></span><span class="TweetAuthor-screenName Identity-screenName" title="@jinzi94400885" data-scribe="element:screen_name" dir="ltr" style="color: rgb(105, 120, 130); font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; flex-shrink: 1;">@jinzi94400885</span></div> </a></div> <div class="Tweet-brand" style="margin-left: auto;"><a href="https://twitter.com/jinzi94400885/status/1271006427381932032" data-scribe="element:logo" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(43, 123, 185); text-decoration: none; outline: 0px;"></a></div> </div> <div class="Tweet-body e-entry-content" data-scribe="component:tweet" style="margin-top: 13px;"> <p class="Tweet-text e-entry-title" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; border: none; white-space: pre-wrap; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: left; direction: ltr;" lang="en">I found these photos of 1918 flu pandemic. So relatable...</p> <div class="Tweet-card" style="margin-top: 10.4px; font-size: 14px;"><article class="MediaCard&#xA; &#xA; customisable-border" data-scribe="component:card" dir="ltr" style="display: block;"> <div class="MediaCard-mediaContainer MediaCard--roundedTop MediaCard--roundedBottom js-cspForcedStyle" data-scribe="element:photo_grid" data-style="padding-bottom: 50%" style="position: relative; padding-bottom: 254px; background-color: rgb(245, 248, 250); overflow: hidden; border-radius: 4px;"> <div class="MediaCard-mediaAsset ImageGrid ImageGrid--4" style="position: absolute; display: block; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 508px; height: 254px; line-height: 0; transition: opacity 0.5s ease 0s; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://twitter.com/jinzi94400885/status/1271006427381932032/photo/1" class="ImageGrid-image ImageGrid-image-0 CroppedImage CroppedImage--fillWidth" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(43, 123, 185); text-decoration: none; position: absolute; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 254px; padding-bottom: 127px; border: 0px solid rgb(225, 232, 237); transform: rotate(0deg); outline: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px;"><img class="CroppedImage-image js-cspForcedStyle" data-image="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EaOFmk3XsAEB-4j" data-image-format="jpg" data-style=" top:-9%;" alt="View image on Twitter" title="View image on Twitter" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EaOFmk3XsAEB-4j?format=jpg&amp;name=360x360" style="border: 0px; position: absolute; top: -11.4219px; left: 0px; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; width: 254px; height: auto;" /></a><a href="https://twitter.com/jinzi94400885/status/1271006427381932032/photo/1" class="ImageGrid-image ImageGrid-image-1 CroppedImage CroppedImage--fillWidth" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(43, 123, 185); text-decoration: none; position: absolute; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 254px; padding-bottom: 127px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(225, 232, 237); border-image: initial; transform: rotate(0deg); outline: 0px; top: 0px; right: 0px;"><img class="CroppedImage-image js-cspForcedStyle" data-image="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EaOFmk8X0AMz65I" data-image-format="jpg" data-style=" top:-80%;" alt="View image on Twitter" title="View image on Twitter" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EaOFmk8X0AMz65I?format=jpg&amp;name=small" style="border: 0px; position: absolute; top: -101.594px; left: 0px; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; width: 254px; height: auto;" /></a><a href="https://twitter.com/jinzi94400885/status/1271006427381932032/photo/1" class="ImageGrid-image ImageGrid-image-2 CroppedImage CroppedImage--fillWidth" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(43, 123, 185); text-decoration: none; position: absolute; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 254px; padding-bottom: 127px; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(225, 232, 237); border-image: initial; transform: rotate(0deg); outline: 0px; bottom: 0px; left: 0px;"><img class="CroppedImage-image js-cspForcedStyle" data-image="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EaOFmk7XsAYacKL" data-image-format="jpg" data-style=" top:-25%;" alt="View image on Twitter" title="View image on Twitter" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EaOFmk7XsAYacKL?format=jpg&amp;name=360x360" style="border: 0px; position: absolute; top: -31.75px; left: 0px; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; width: 254px; height: auto;" /></a><a href="https://twitter.com/jinzi94400885/status/1271006427381932032/photo/1" class="ImageGrid-image ImageGrid-image-3 CroppedImage CroppedImage--fillWidth" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(43, 123, 185); text-decoration: none; position: absolute; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 254px; padding-bottom: 127px; border-width: 1px 0px 0px 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(225, 232, 237); border-image: initial; transform: rotate(0deg); outline: 0px; bottom: 0px; right: 0px;"><img class="CroppedImage-image js-cspForcedStyle" data-image="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EaOFmlHXkAExlh-" data-image-format="jpg" data-style=" top:-61%;" alt="View image on Twitter" title="View image on Twitter" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EaOFmlHXkAExlh-?format=jpg&amp;name=360x360" style="border: 0px; position: absolute; top: -77.4688px; left: 0px; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; width: 254px; height: auto;" /></a></div> </div> </article></div> <div class="TweetInfo" style="display: flex; margin-top: 10.4px; font-size: 14px;"> <div class="TweetInfo-like"><a class="TweetInfo-heart" title="Like" href="https://twitter.com/intent/like?tweet_id=1271006427381932032" data-scribe="component:actions" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(43, 123, 185); text-decoration: none; display: flex; outline: 0px;"><span class="TweetInfo-heartStat" data-scribe="element:heart_count" style="margin-left: 3px;">16</span></a></div> <div class="TweetInfo-timeGeo" style="margin-left: 12px; color: rgb(105, 120, 130); -webkit-box-flex: 1; flex: 1 1 0%;"><a class="u-linkBlend u-url customisable-highlight long-permalink" data-datetime="2020-06-11T09:08:41+0000" data-scribe="element:full_timestamp" href="https://twitter.com/jinzi94400885/status/1271006427381932032" style="background-color: transparent; color: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; outline: 0px; font-weight: inherit;"><time class="dt-updated" datetime="2020-06-11T09:08:41+0000" pubdate="" title="Time posted: June 11, 2020 09:08:41 (UTC)">5:08 AM - Jun 11, 2020</time></a></div> <div class="tweet-InformationCircle" data-scribe="element:notice"><a href="https://support.twitter.com/articles/20175256" class="Icon Icon--informationCircleWhite js-inViewportScribingTarget" title="Twitter Ads info and privacy" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(43, 123, 185); text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; height: 18px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 18px; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2224%22%20height%3D%2224%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2024%2024%22%3E%3Cpath%20class%3D%22icon%22%20fill%3D%22%23697882%22%20d%3D%22M12%2018.042c-.553%200-1-.447-1-1v-5.5c0-.553.447-1%201-1s1%20.447%201%201v5.5c0%20.553-.447%201-1%201z%22%2F%3E%3Ccircle%20class%3D%22icon%22%20fill%3D%22%23697882%22%20cx%3D%2212%22%20cy%3D%228.042%22%20r%3D%221.25%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20class%3D%22icon%22%20fill%3D%22%23697882%22%20d%3D%22M12%2022.75C6.072%2022.75%201.25%2017.928%201.25%2012S6.072%201.25%2012%201.25%2022.75%206.072%2022.75%2012%2017.928%2022.75%2012%2022.75zm0-20C6.9%202.75%202.75%206.9%202.75%2012S6.9%2021.25%2012%2021.25s9.25-4.15%209.25-9.25S17.1%202.75%2012%202.75z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E&quot;); 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padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 23px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-rendering: optimizelegibility; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">3. Tie education to other priorities</h2><br class="spacer" /> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">In 1916 the<span> </span><a href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED542176.pdf" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">U.S. Bureau of Education</a><span> </span>proclaimed that the &ldquo;education of the schools is important, but life and health are more important.&rdquo;</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Reformers of the period, known as the<span> </span><a href="http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/progress/" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Progressive Era</a>, took that notion to heart. In addition to school nurses, they established<span> </span><a href="https://nursingclio.org/2017/09/14/a-well-balanced-serving-of-school-food-history-with-a-side-of-grassroots-reform/" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">school lunch programs</a>, built playgrounds and promoted outdoor education.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">They attacked<span> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/976.html" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">societal barriers to child health and welfare</a><span> </span>by enacting<span> </span><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/child-welfarechild-labor/child-labor/" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">child labor laws</a>, making<span> </span><a href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED119389" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">school attendance compulsory</a><span> </span>and improving the<span> </span><a href="https://www.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304354" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">tenement housing where millions of children lived</a>.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">By the time the pandemic hit, President Woodrow Wilson had declared 1918 the &ldquo;<a href="https://www.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304354" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Children's Year</a>.&rdquo; Schools stood ready to deliver<span> </span><a href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.1440flu.0011.441" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">not only lessons but food</a><span> </span>and<span> </span><a href="http://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/504874" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">health care</a>.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">When schools reopened, children could learn in what Copeland described as &ldquo;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/nyregion/spanish-flu-nyc-virus.html" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">large, clean, airy school buildings</a>&rdquo; with outdoor spaces.</p> <figure class="align-center zoomable" style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: block; position: relative; color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/341496/original/file-20200612-153849-imf5tu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: none; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: block; max-width: 100%;"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/341496/original/file-20200612-153849-imf5tu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); display: block; max-width: 100%; text-decoration: none; width: 600px;" /></a><figcaption style="margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); display: block; color: rgb(114, 114, 114); line-height: 18px; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, sans-serif; cursor: default;"><span class="caption" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">Children playing on a Boston rooftop in 1909.</span><span> </span><span class="attribution" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><a class="source" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2018674290/" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: none; outline: none; font-weight: 400 !important; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: inline; max-width: 100%;">Lewis Wickes Hine/Library of Congress</a></span></figcaption></figure> <h2 style="color:#434343;margin:0 0 0 0;padding:0 0 0 0;" style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 23px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-rendering: optimizelegibility; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Heeding those lessons in 2020</h2><br class="spacer" /> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">A century after Americans learned the importance of investing in school nurses,<span> </span><a href="https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-03-23/the-school-nurse-scourge" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">fewer and fewer schools employ them</a>. Only<span> </span><a href="https://nurse.org/articles/school-nurse-shortage/" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">60% of schools have a full-time nurse</a>, and about 25% have no nurse at all. A recent analysis concluded that reopening safely will cost an additional<span> </span><a href="https://www.asbointl.org/asbo/media/documents/Resources/covid/COVID-19-Costs-to-Reopen-Schools.pdf" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">US$400,000 per district</a>, on average, to hire more school nurses.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">These figures are higher for urban schools that educate more students of color, poor students and immigrants, and come as the pandemic's economic fallout is already<span> </span><a href="https://www.npr.org/2020/05/26/858257200/the-pandemic-is-driving-americas-schools-toward-a-financial-meltdown" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">causing districts to cut budgets</a>.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Even so and despite the federal government's<span> </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/us/politics/betsy-devos-coronavirus-religious-schools.html" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">sometimes divisive response</a>, local communities, as in 1918, are fighting this devastating pandemic with teamwork.<span> </span><a href="https://www.boston.gov/departments/treasury/boston-resiliency-fund" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">In Boston</a>,<span> </span><a href="https://resurrectionproject.org/chicagofund/" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Chicago</a>,<span> </span><a href="https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/05/04/dallas-is-coming-together-to-help-amid-coronavirus-dont-fall-back-into-old-patterns-when-this-is-over/" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dallas</a>,<span> </span><a href="https://www.sierrahealth.org/donate4sacramento" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sacramento</a><span> </span>and elsewhere, city councils, school districts, nonprofits, and labor and business groups are working together to meet their communities' needs.</p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(56, 56, 56); font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, Georgia, Times, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">And a movement, spurred by anger over the<span> </span><a href="https://theconversation.com/us/topics/george-floyd-87675" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">death of George Floyd</a>, police brutality and widespread concerns about<span> </span><a href="https://www.npr.org/2020/06/11/875023672/4-ways-racial-inequity-harms-american-school-children" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">systemic racism</a>, is demanding that all jurisdictions spend<span> </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/04/defund-the-police-us-george-floyd-budgets" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">less on the police</a><span> </span>especially now, when the challenges brought about by the pandemic make<span> </span><a href="https://whdh.com/news/educators-call-for-billions-more-in-federal-aid-for-k-12-schools-2/" style="color: rgb(85, 87, 104); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">funding for public schools</a><span> </span>more essential than ever.</p>