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Binney, James, and Michael Merrifield. Galactic Astronomy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 17 August 1998. ISBN: 9780691025650.

Blandford, R. D., H. Netzer, and L. Woltjer. Active Galactic Nuclei. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991. ISBN: 9780387532851.

Krolik, Julian H. Active Galactic Nuclei. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 21 December 1998. ISBN: 9780691011516.

Peacock, John A. Cosmological Physics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 28 December 1998. ISBN: 9780521422703.

Peebles, Phillip James Edwin. Physical Cosmology. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971. ISBN: 9780691081083.

———. Principles of Physical Cosmology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 19 April 1993. ISBN: 9780691019338.

Schneider, P., J. Ehlers, E. E. Falco, I. Appenzeller, G. Borner, M. Harwit, R. Kippenhahn, J. Lequeux, P. A. Strittmatter, and V. Trimble. Gravitational Lenses. Study ed. edition. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1 December 1999. ISBN: 9783540665069.

Silk, Joseph. The Big Bang. 3rd ed. New York: W. H. Freeman, 2001. ISBN: 9780716738787.

Weinberg, Steven. The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe. 2nd/Update ed. New York: Basic Books, 1 June 1993. ISBN: 9780465024377.

———. Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity. New York: Wiley, July 1972. ISBN: 9780471925675.